What are Microcontrollers?
Microcontrollers are compact, integrated computer systems designed to control devices and systems in embedded applications. They are essentially small computers on a single chip that include a processor (CPU) , memory , and input/output (I/O) interfaces . Microcontrollers are widely used in automation, robotics, IoT devices, consumer electronics, and more. Key Features of Microcontrollers Processor (CPU) : Typically low-power and optimized for specific tasks. Common architectures: ARM, AVR, RISC-V, and PIC. Memory : Flash Memory : For storing firmware (non-volatile). SRAM : For temporary data storage during execution. EEPROM : For non-volatile storage of small amounts of data. Input/Output (I/O) Pins : Used to interact with sensors, actuators, and other peripherals. May include GPIO pins, PWM outputs, ADCs (Analog-to-Digital Converters), and more. Built-in Peripherals : Timers, counters, communication modules (e.g., UART, SPI, I2C). ADC/DAC for interfacing...